S.T.

Freedom and Democracy => Geopolitics => Topic started by: AGelbert on March 29, 2022, 04:05:04 pm

Title: Key Historical Events ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF
Post by: AGelbert on March 29, 2022, 04:05:04 pm
(https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-191017143841.jpeg)Welcome to the Sober Thinking Forum. (https://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-301014181908.gif)

This is the continuation of the Renewable Revolution Forum (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/index.php), with the same categories and boards arrangement. In order to provide topic thread continuity, this post will be duplicated in frequently viewed topic threads along with selected posts from (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fallart.biz%2Fup%2Fphotos%2Falbum%2FB-C%2FAlexey_Bogolyubov%2Fbogolyubov_alexey_377_russian_fleet_on_the_road_1863.jpg&hash=2b05e2fbf6fe53ef4dd315b1c015afd77f217641) that topic (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/geopolitics/key-historical-events-that-you-may-have-never-heard-of/msg173/#msg173) at the Renewable Revolution Forum (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/index.php). I will gradually, as time permits, copy pertinent articles posted there, update them, and post them here for your convenience.

I have no intention of closing the Renewable Revolution Forum (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/index.php), so any links you have to posts, articles and graphics there are valid for the time being. Nevertheless, I advise you to 🦉 copy and save any posts, articles and graphics that you wish to preserve for posting somewhere else on the internet. I am 75 years old. As long as my spirit hasn't permanently left my body, the Sober Thinking Forum will be kept open.  (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-130418202709.png) 

Although guests are encouraged to post and become members, this forum is mostly a library reference of important historical information and timeless articles that you are encouraged to pass on, with or without attribution.

In addition, relevant recent news will be posted almost daily, so be sure to 🧐 stop by often. (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-250817121424.gif)

I have changed the title and the front page background graphic for two reasons:

1. My purpose, nearly a decade ago, of convincing most reality based people everywhere that human civilization, in order to stop and reverse (i.e getting back to 350 PPM of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide is sine qua non) the multiple extinctions causing biosphere degradation (i.e. the Sixth Mass Extinction Event now upon us), must VERY rapidly transition away from Hydrocarbon Energy Sources to Renewable Energy Sources, has been largely achieved. I have been one small voice among many that have made it clear that clean energy must be made available to everyone, not just the wealthy, if we are to survive Catastrophic Climate Change.

2. Celebrated social theorist and geographer David Harvey asked, "Is there a way to capture what (to the detriment of human civilization) is going on now"?

My answer: YES.

It's the SOCIAL DARWINISM, stupid!

"In human society, the amount of inequity is directly proportional to the amount of iniquity." -- A. G. Gelbert

No matter how much progress we make in cleaning up the biosphere, as long as the egocentric, morally bankrupt, empathy deficit disordered, Social Darwinist Ideology continues to be embraced by TPTB, we do not have a snowball's chance in Hell of surviving our Existential Crisis.

Social Darwinists believe that ethics based principles are 'limitations pretending to be virtues'. To them, ethics are 'feel good illusions' that humans invented to pretend our species has empathy. To Social Darwinists, empathy is irrefutable evidence of inexcusable weakness. To them, all who are guided by ethics are deluded fools that should be eliminated from the human 'apex predator' gene pool for the "good" of our species.

The ideology of the Social Darwinist is indistinguishable from the despicable ideology of NAZI Germany, clearly exemplified in their brutally enforced morally bankrupt concentration camp law: “Eat your own bread, and if you can, that of your neighbor.”

Social Darwinism is actually based, not on "survival of the fittest", but on fear of tomorrow, a morally bankrupt excuse for rejecting altruism and empathy and embracing a selfish greed dominated hoarding modus vivendi.
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Every prudent man acts with knowledge, But a fool lays open his folly. --  Proverbs 13:16
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"One who fears tomorrow does not offer his bread to others. But one who is willing to divide his food with a stranger has already shown himself capable of fellowship and faith, the two things from which hope is born." -- Primo Levi, author of Survival in Auschwitz

Social Darwinism is the world view that spawned the profit over people and planet neoliberal ideology. Neoliberal intellectuals like Friedrich von Hayek, Ludwig von Mises and Milton Friedman were all Social Darwinists long before they renamed laissez-faire liberalism (that had been thoroughly discredited by the Great Depression) with the catchy title of "Neoliberalism".
 
The celebrated social theorist and geographer David Harvey explains that neoliberal ideology serves the following principle:

"There shall be no serious challenge to the absolute power of money to rule absolutely. And that power is to be exercised with one objective: Those possessed of money shall not only be privileged to accumulate wealth endlessly at will, but they shall have the right to inherit the earth, taking either direct or indirect dominion, not only of the land and all the resources and productive capacities that reside therein, but also assume absolute command, directly or indirectly, over the labor and creative capacities of all those others it needs. The rest of humanity shall be deemed disposable."

"In human society, the amount of inequity is directly proportional to the amount of iniquity." -- A. G. Gelbert

Sober Thinking requires that we all recognize the fact that a society that is founded on altruism, not the "invisible hand" of greed, is not optional if we wish to avoid exctinction. Capitalism's "invisible hand" modus operandi is rooted in the ideology of Social Darwinism.

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“Capitalism is the astounding belief, that the most wickedest of men, will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone.” — John Maynard Keynes

 
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The main purpose of the Sober Thinking Forum is to convince you, regardless of your religious beliefs or lack of them, to soberly think about these two quotes, embrace altruism, reject greed, and convince as many people as you can that altruism is not optional for human society:

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"Look at our world, our country, our interactions with each other……… this is not the mark of a healthy society, and if these are the self-appointed leaders of this flaming meteor…..it’s time to move on to new ideas and new people. Let’s relegate these fools to history. They perpetuate a narrative that it is right to behave in a strictly selfish, exploitative manner towards all. We simply can’t survive it any longer. Things will change because they have to." -- Kathleen Wallace

"Technical knowledge of Carrying Capacity will not save us; Only a Massive Increase in Caring Capacity will." -- A. G. Gelbert

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Title: When Maritime Employers Hide Behind Archaic Laws
Post by: AGelbert on March 29, 2022, 06:49:26 pm
(https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-170218174357.png)

March 28, 2022

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“I am indeed lord of the world, but the Law is the lord of the sea. This matter must be decided by the maritime law of the Rhodians, provided that no law of ours is opposed to it.” Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (86-161 A.D.)


A History of American Maritime Law

SNIPPETS:

Maritime law (https://www.arnolditkin.com/common-questions/maritime-offshore-injury-faqs/what-is-general-maritime-law-/) has governed ships and shipping for the past 2,000 years. While it is assumed that the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians had some form of basic maritime laws in place, there are no records of these. The first written record of maritime law is attributed to the Greek island of Rhodes and was made by Emperor Antoninus Pius during his reign from 138 to 161 A.D. His words, which are included above, can be found in the Digest (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandects) (553 A.D.)

Today, maritime law is a combination of some of the oldest legal standards and new regulations designed to address changes as the industry has evolved. Individual nations have their own iterations of maritime law, and 167 are members of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, a United Nations agreement that established international marine and maritime regulations.

As a younger nation, the United States adopted much of its maritime law from England. The first maritime laws were brought to the Americas in the 1600s with the establishment of vice-admiralty courts at major seaports, but it wasn’t until the Judiciary Act of 1789 – after the American Revolution – that federal district courts were granted jurisdiction over maritime law cases, with a “serving” clause that allows state courts to hear certain cases. ... ...

When Maritime Employers Hide Behind Archaic Laws

As a seaman’s life is still dangerous, there is every reason for some of the oldest maritime principles and customs to apply, like maintenance and cure. Although we have seen many advancements in vessels themselves and the tools and technology we use to navigate them, weather storms, and accomplish some of a seaman’s most hazardous tasks, maritime workers continue to face numerous risks. Some are even heightened because of the advancement of the maritime industry, like offshore drilling operations, the transportation of immense quantities of natural gas and oil, and increased production demand. 🤦‍♂️

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-290322142643.jpeg)(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-290322144515.jpeg)

Unfortunately, some companies try to hide behind laws that should no longer apply. Congress passed the Limitation of Liability Act of 1851 (https://www.arnolditkin.com/maritime-lawyers/limitation-of-liability-act/) to protect maritime employers from acts that were out of their control, like heavy storms and pirates.
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It limited their liability for damages from such events to the value of the vessel. While the Limitation of Liability Act was needed at that time, its use has been outlived.

Today’s vessel owners do not face the same threats of piracy as they once did. Storms can be predicted with more accuracy than ever before. Even so, some maritime 😈 employers try to use this archaic law to try to limit their liability when seamen are catastrophically injured or lose their lives. 😠 This is a perfect example of when maritime laws are misused or no longer applicable.

Read more: (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/1/3-120818180835-16281948.gif) (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-130418200416.png)
https://gcaptain.com/a-history-of-american-maritime-law/

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AGelbert NOTE: You can be sure that these greedy maritime 💰🎩😈 employers, true to there Social Darwinist = Capitalist morally bankrupt ideology, will do all they can to avoid any accountability for losses in crew and ships that will grow as Catastrophic Climate Change makes the oceans of the world more deadly to ships and their crews than mankind has ever experienced. 

Climate Change, Blue Water Cargo Shipping and Predicted Ocean Wave Activity: PART TWO (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/climate-change/future-earth/msg7390/#msg7390)
Title: 1619 and the Slavery that Made America
Post by: AGelbert on September 15, 2022, 08:55:26 pm
1619 and the Making of America

https://youtu.be/xg6x4f5-yUs

Oct 15, 2018 326,118 views

Library of Congress 257K subscribers

The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress convened a symposium that brought together respected scholars to explore the intricate encounters of Africans, Europeans and native people during this significant period in America's (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622210450-1415528.gif) history. In 1619, a Dutch ship with about 20 Africans on board entered a port at the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia. This event is known as the arrival of the first recorded Africans to English North America. Their historic arrival, however, marked the beginning of a (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202719-14071062.gif)  trend in  colonial 🐀(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202719-1406786.gif) America, in which the people of Africa were taken from their motherland and consigned to lifelong slavery.

From 1619 to 1650, during the life span of the first arriving Africans, racial discrimination emerged and chattel slavery would be 😈 codified into law. The symposium will ask questions related to the historical importance of these events in 1619. For example, who were the Africans who arrived in Virginia in 1619, where did they come from, what world did they bring with them? What emerged from Africans' engagement with indigenous Native American populations and their spiritual and cultural life ways, and what is the enduring legacy of this encounter today?

The event also featured a display of treasures and historical items from the Library of Congress' collections related to the early Americas. The symposium was held in collaboration with the Middle Passage Project of the College of William & Mary, the Virginia Commonwealth's 2019 Commemoration and Norfolk State University.

Speaker Biography: Joanne M. Braxton is 2015 David M. Larson Fellow in spirituality and health at the John W. Kluge Center and the director of the Middle Passage Project at the College of William & Mary.

Speaker Biography: Robert Trent Vinson is Frances L. and Edwin L. Cummings professor at the College of William & Mary.

Speaker Biography: Cassandra Newby-Alexander is dean of the College of Liberal Arts and director of the Joseph Jenkins Roberts Center for African Diaspora Studies at Norfolk State University and co-chair of Virginia's 2019 Commemoration's First Africans to English North America committee.

Speaker Biography: Lynette Lewis Allston is chief and tribal council chair of the Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, one of 11 officially recognized by the Commonwealth.

For transcript and more information, go here (https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-8449).
Title: “How to Hide an Empire”: Daniel Immerwahr on the History of the Greater United States
Post by: AGelbert on September 26, 2022, 12:19:10 pm
“How to 🗽😉 Hide an 🦍  Empire”: Daniel Immerwahr on the History of the Greater United States

https://youtu.be/RvlUGYvLg0s

Mar 5, 2019 899,331 views

Democracy Now! 1.15M subscribers

“How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States.” That’s the title of a new book examining a part of the U.S. that is often overlooked: the nation’s overseas territories from Puerto Rico to Guam, former territories like the Philippines, and its hundreds of military bases scattered across the globe. We speak with the book’s author, Daniel Immerwahr, who writes, “At various times, the inhabitants of the U.S. Empire have been shot, shelled, starved, interned, dispossessed, tortured and experimented on. What they haven’t been, by and large, is seen.” Immerwahr is an associate professor of history at Northwestern University.

#USterritories #UShistory #PuertoRico

Democracy Now! is an independent global news hour that airs on nearly 1,400 TV and radio stations Monday through Friday. Watch our livestream 8-9AM ET: (https://democracynow.org)

Please consider supporting independent media by making a donation to Democracy Now! today: (https://democracynow.org/donate)

AGelbert NOTE: There are several important historical nuggets in this category that you may peruse, copy and pass on under this same Topic at my previous website. I'll be moving them over here little by little, but since there are nearly 10 years of posts there, it will take a while. In the meantime, feel free to check them out: (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040422164520-5301778.gif) (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040422164555-532108.png)

  Key Historical Events ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF (https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/geopolitics/key-historical-events-that-you-may-have-never-heard-of/)
Title: Fame eluded Brandon, Vermont man who invented the ⚡ electric motor 🤷‍♂️
Post by: AGelbert on October 10, 2022, 01:21:15 pm
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Then Again: Fame eluded Brandon man who invented the ⚡ electric motor  (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202747-14142220.bmp)(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Frenewablerevolution.createaforum.com%2Fgallery%2Frenewablerevolution%2F1%2F3-210818163123-16662165.gif&hash=0c278af5ea445d20e48640c4f39f951df986eed6)

Jul 3 2022 By Mark Bushnell

(https://vtdigger.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Thomas-and-Emily-Davenport.jpeg)
In 1837, Thomas Davenport of Brandon received the world’s first patent for an ⚡ electric motor. It was, in fact, the first patent for any sort of ⚡ electrical device. His wife, Emily Goss Davenport, suggested the use of mercury as a conductor, and tore up her wedding dress to use as insulation. Wikimedia Commons

Thomas Davenport helped create the modern world, but has largely been forgotten by it. 😟


He invented a device that makes possible so many of the trappings of life today: refrigerators and freezers, washing machines and dryers, dishwashers and microwave ovens, air conditioners, hair dryers, electric fans, electric clocks, lathes, forklifts, elevators, garage door openers, subway cars, satellites, electric vehicles — the list goes on. Even the computer, tablet or phone you are reading this on.

But any dreams Davenport harbored of attaining wealth and renown were thwarted by an absurd amount of poor timing, bad luck and disastrous decisions.

His biggest misfortune was that his ⚡ invention was half a century ahead of its time.

Davenport’s biography contains two seemingly incompatible facts: He was a poorly educated blacksmith from the hinterlands of Vermont, and he invented the first electric motor ever patented. That he did so nearly 200 years ago shakes our image of what life was like during the early decades of the 1800s.

“He had a vision of an ⚡ electrified future,” says Dave Hammond, a scientific electronics technician in the University of Vermont’s physics department. Hammond has been immersing himself in the life and work of lately, even building models of his motors.

(https://vtdigger.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Davenport-motor-1152x1536.jpg)
Dave Hammond, of the University of Vermont’s physics department, reproduced three working models of Davenport’s electric motor. Photo courtesy of Dave Hammond

Thomas Davenport ⚡ motors (made by Dave Hammond) in action:
https://youtu.be/fGeRLXoipWs
PhysicsatUVM 617 subscribers

Some of Davenport’s motors still exist — notably at the Smithsonian Institution. Hammond constructed three copies of the motor — one for UVM, one for the Brandon Museum (in the Vermont town where Davenport invented his device), and one for Beta Technologies of Burlington, an aerospace manufacturer developing vertical takeoff and landing aircraft powered by cutting-edge electric motors.

The working model will be on display in Brandon at the inaugural Davenport Electric Fest from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Saturday, July 9, which is the 220th anniversary of the inventor’s birth. The event will also feature hands-on exhibits of various electric vehicles, including electric cards, e-bikes and snowmobiles.

Like Franklin and Fulton

Though he is little remembered today :(, Davenport drew high praise during his lifetime. One newspaper claimed his name would be remembered alongside such great inventors as Benjamin Franklin and Robert Fulton.

High praise, and much more than his parents might have expected for him when Thomas was born in 1802, the eighth of 12 children in a poor farming family in Williamstown, Vermont. He was apprenticed to a local blacksmith for seven years, starting at age 14. In exchange for Thomas’ labor, the blacksmith would teach him the trade and allow him to attend school for six weeks each winter.

Despite his meager learning, Thomas was curious about the world, even bookish. The boy was said to read sometimes while working the forge’s bellows. After completing his apprenticeship, he was able to establish a blacksmith shop in Brandon, which had an active iron smelting industry.

For nearly a decade, Davenport focused on his trade, but in 1832 gave up his business. He was fascinated by electricity and wanted to study it. He was hardly alone in this fixation; some of the brightest minds in natural philosophy, what we would call science, were trying to understand and harness electricity’s power.

“Electricity was a really mysterious thing to people at these times,” explains Hammond. “They called ⚡ electricity a fluid, since that was what was familiar to them.”

People were, however, familiar with static electricity. To earn money, Davenport visited local schools to teach about ⚡ electricity. Accompanying him was fellow Brandon resident Johnny Johnson, who brought along a tame moose pulling a cage full of animals. This was part science exhibit, part carnival show.

“Davenport would put a silver dollar in the bottom of a bucket of water and tell the children they could have it if they could grab it,” Hammond says. Davenport was in no danger of losing the valuable coin, because the bucket was hooked to a static electricity generator. Anyone trying to snag the dollar got a ⚡ shock instead. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422133541.gif)

The following year, 1833, Davenport had an epiphany that changed his life. He learned that an iron works in Crown Point, New York, was using ⚡ electromagnets built by Joseph Henry of Albany (future first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution) to pull bits of iron from the rocks extracted there. The magnets were supposedly so strong they could suspend an anvil.

Davenport traveled more than 25 miles by 🐎 horse to the site to see the ⚡ magnets and perhaps purchase one, but discovered that the owner was away. Undaunted, Davenport eventually managed to purchase one of ⚡ Henry’s electromagnets, though at great expense.

Back in Brandon, Davenport took apart the magnet while his wife, Emily, took detailed notes on how it was constructed. Davenport noticed that the magnet was insulated with silk, and assumed he needed to use silk too, though other materials would also have worked. Silk was hard to come by in rural Vermont, so Emily (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-110422180553-643238.gif) sacrificed her wedding dress, cutting it into strips that furnished Thomas with all the insulation he needed for years. ;D

Davenport created a second ⚡ magnet and used it to test a theory. He believed ⚡ electricity could cause a machine to move. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-110422180554-644315.gif) After attaching one magnet to a wheel and a second magnet to the stationary frame that held the wheel, he wired each magnet to a battery. The wheel turned. Though it rotated only half a revolution, the wheel’s movement was revolutionary. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422144605.png)

Of course, a half-turn doesn’t get you very far, but Davenport knew he was on to something. He found that, if he reversed the wires to the magnets, the wheel would complete the revolution. His original motor revolved only about one to three times per minute.

He continued to tinker, and with the assistance of his neighbor, a skilled mechanic with the odd name of Orange Smalley, Davenport added magnets to the system and developed a way to reverse their polarity automatically. By the summer of 1834, they had created a motor that could turn 30 times a minute.

Davenport understood the ⚡ power he was tapping into.

Like a flash of ⚡ lightning,” he later wrote, “the thought occurred to me that here was an available ⚡ power within the reach of man.”

The early 1800s were the age of steam. People used the forces unleashed by boiling water to power industry and transportation, in the form of steamboats and trains. But Davenport saw a major drawback with steam. Under too much pressure, steam would cause boilers to explode, with dramatic and often fatal effect. Davenport sought a safer source of power.

People derided Davenport for his claims. Some said he was boasting of having invented a perpetual motion machine ::). Others said his machines’ output should be measured not in horsepower but in mosquito power ::). But Davenport confronted more severe obstacles than mere mockery.

“Everybody, regardless of when they made a motor and how they made a motor, faced the same problem: Where do you get the ⚡ power for this thing?” Hammond explains.

The financing problem

Davenport’s electric motor relied on battery power, which was expensive, though he was confident the price would drop over time. However, Hammond says, “Until the dynamo was invented and perfected in the 1860s, there was no way to generate electricity reliably.”

Davenport needed allies to advance his cause. If his device was going to change the world, he needed money. Elite scientists of the day disdained conducting research for money. They believed it should be done solely to advance knowledge. Davenport didn’t have the luxury to share that opinion.

(https://vtdigger.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Patent.jpg)
A sketch accompanying Thomas Davenport’s 1837 patent for an electric motor.
He found a strong advocate in the scientific community when he demonstrated his device to Edward Turner, a Middlebury professor of natural philosophy, in fact the only one teaching science at the school at the time. Turner grasped the revolutionary nature of Davenport’s motor and urged him to secure a U.S. patent, even drafting wording for a patent application.


In 1835, Davenport made the arduous journey to Washington, D.C., to apply in person, stopping en route to visit eminent men of science and demonstrate his motor. When he arrived, he discovered that the cost of a patent application, which included hiring a draftsman to sketch his machine as well as other expenses, was more than he had left in his pocket. He didn’t even have enough money to return home. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422134013.gif)

He could, however, make it as far as Troy, New York. There he called on Stephen van Rensselaer, founder of an esteemed polytechnical school. And was immediately set upon by the man’s dogs. 😨 While a kitchen maid mended his clothes, Davenport showed Rensselaer his motor. Rensselaer bought the device for his institute, so Davenport had enough money to get home. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422133034.gif)

He returned to Washington the next year to submit his patent application, complete with a working model. That December, a 🔥 fire at the U.S. Patent Office destroyed both his ⚡ model and paperwork. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-090822164302.gif) He returned in January 1837 to apply yet again. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-120422122257-657398.png)

(https://vtdigger.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Draft-patent-wording.jpg)
Middlebury professor Edward Turner was enthusiastic about Thomas Davenport’s electric motor and suggested he patent it. Turner even drafted a description of the machine Davenport could use in his patent application. The motor for which Davenport eventually won a patent was a modified version of the one he showed Turner. Above is a copy of Turner’s draft, which appeared in an 1891 edition of the journal The Electrical Engineer.

The third time did the trick. In February he received his patent. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422133801.gif) “It was the first electrical patent ever granted,” Hammond says, “and probably the broadest patent ever issued.” He notes that the patent granted Davenport the exclusive right to “the idea of ⚡electromagnetically moving anything.” (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-120422122257-65551.png)
 

The Patent Act of 1836 gave Davenport that sole right for 21 years. He had plenty of time to make a fortune. If things hadn’t gone terribly wrong. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422182057.gif)

Money would pour in

By this point, Davenport had another partner, Ransom Cook, who ran a successful cabinetmaking business in Saratoga, New York, and shared an interest in the new science of electricity. Cook’s design expertise and skilled workmen helped improve the motor.

The two men met when Davenport was touring with his motor, charging admission for the privilege of watching it spin. Many audience members viewed the device as a novelty, but Cook saw the practicality of it.

Now that Davenport held a patent, he could get strangers, not just friends and neighbors, to invest in his⚡ motor. The men set up a business in Manhattan to search for investors. Edwin Williams, the head of an organization that promoted invention, approached them about launching a joint-stock company, the precursor of the modern corporation. Williams’ lawyer would draw up the papers.

The arrangement would let Davenport and Cook focus on improving the motor, while money poured in to support the venture. The prospectus for their stock offering quoted enthusiastic praise from New York City newspapers. “(A)n ⚡ electromagnetic engine, constructed on this principle, will cost only one-tenth the expense of steam power, and only occupy one half of the space,” the New York Herald declared. “There can be no doubt, in our mind, but the days of steam power, and animal power, and water power, are gone for ever.”

The New York Evening Post predicted that “The application of this new principle of motion … is one of the most wonderful inventions of the age (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-090822141236.gif), and will hand down the name of its discoverer to future times along with those of Franklin and Fulton.”

The Baltimore Daily Gazette estimated that the patent rights in America alone would be worth the astronomical sum of $600,000. Davenport had also secured a patent in Britain, which was far ahead of the United States in terms of industrialization.

The Daily Gazette’s estimate was wide of the mark. If there was a time to start a new company, 1837 wasn’t it. A financial panic gripped the country and few investors found an electric motor company irresistible. Whatever money came in, little reached Davenport and Cook. The men took Williams to court, but failed to gain satisfaction.

If no one else believed in his invention, Davenport didn’t lose faith. He demonstrated that it could be used to power a drill to bore holes in iron and steel, and to power a printing press. Fittingly, the press printed America’s first ⚡ electrical journal, “The ⚡ Electro-Magnet and Mechanics’ Intelligencer.”

In early 1842, Davenport seemed to catch a break. An investor gave him $3,000 in notes, drawn on an Ohio bank, to support his work. Davenport cashed a $10 note, with plans to draw the rest later, but typical of Davenport’s luck, the bank folded before he could cash any more. 🤦‍♂️ 

By the fall of 1842, Davenport had had enough. He moved with his family back to Brandon, where he died nine years later (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202720-1408267.gif), never having realized his dream of seeing electric motors supersede steam power. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622153115-1384130.png)

The electric motor was, of course, an invention whose time would come. Davenport just had the great misfortunate of understanding its potential long before its time.
https://vtdigger.org/2022/07/03/then-again-fame-eluded-brandon-man-who-invented-the-electric-motor/

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-080822134118-1710799.gif) AGelbert LAMENT: If only Davenport had realized in 1840 that he didn't have to rely on expensive battery power for his motor, but could get all the juice he needed to market the profitable use of his motor as a drill (which he had demonstrated) by using mechanical means, like a water wheel, to turn his motor into a dynamo to power many motors, history would be quite different.
Title: Re: Key Historical Events ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF
Post by: AGelbert on December 07, 2022, 06:46:10 pm
(https://ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/O8xPHvxcjwpA2YptLNrZs_JbMDQ2kzzxCCPpX6B5fI_TYSftXvbx_5kG2kJVu6j9OXJCcnw2mchSJhodPGocrQbFeUNYhaPvEo222HthdwbSFTIRT3IY3uxG104sglkv81s0PfKNed7z4jqMKg4NNVgGiHalRpoXZAZ9l-FAjjA_QsQrWRY-CTIAWtvAljS0xFm1ZDYDxX0WB__yxpNQAugPnX2NdRimsQjZXSffAAZ0GTuy8c4clptQyFBbmmDxvIx9EXzvS9d_CntijpwbzbMtpUY029g0N9INFcBucHUEgRlWG6lS9CPErkobI2vbalFSKh2geUApwxXF4oJLRJgM=s0-d-e1-ft#https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1100,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F698827b9-32e0-4f73-87a3-7a11055c0de4_1110x200.png)

December 7, 2022

🔊 Podcast with Adam Hochschild 👍 on his new book 🕯️ American  🦍 Midnight: The Great War, A Violent Peace, and Democracy's Forgotten Crisis: 👀

https://chrishedges.substack.com/p/the-chris-hedges-report-podcast-with-22a
Title: The 🐘 model was the Leninist movement's "😈 success" in isolating and weakening its opponents.
Post by: AGelbert on March 02, 2023, 05:00:50 pm
(https://ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/Ozfq1EeKv3XWZ9I__KVBfQUHfXObcSiaa70tEYezsiH15uqGxYz9fPtcWcynQoYqM4uSqkPPvryZUzuHc_GEVzcNhKmdnaNdum8yX1n9IecYyY3qkN-aamDA1hPQ5rmHrFJCfsU=s0-d-e1-ft#https://actionnetwork.org/user_files/user_files/000/028/714/original/web_color.gif)

March 2, 2023

By Nancy Altman, Social Security Works

A 40 year 🐘 (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622210450-1415528.gif) campaign to destroy Social Security

Social Security is the most popular and effective program in America. That’s why Wall Street has spent 40 years on an insidious campaign to undermine the people’s faith in the system.

Think we’re exaggerating? The right wing called for a “Leninist Strategy on Social Security” back in 1983. And reading it today, much of that strategy looks just like reality.

Social Security Works is pushing back against the Wall Street lies. But they have a head start. Chip in $7 to fight back! (https://secure.actblue.com/donate/leniniststrategy-2023?link_id=1&can_id=f6a3d966836d5b36db494f1237d9b97d&source=email-a-40-year-campaign-to-destroy-social-security-3&email_referrer=email_1834107)

In 1983, Social Security was in a real crisis, but the system’s popularity protected it from destruction, much to Wall Street’s disappointment. Wall Street sees our Social Security system as a cash cow that they can’t access. They would give anything to get their hands on Social Security’s $2.9 trillion trust fund, which is instead invested in US Treasury bonds.

So Wall Street-funded conservative think tanks got to work, outlining a long-term strategy to chip away at the public’s confidence in Social Security. And it was extraordinarily (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422182057.gif) successful.

The right-wing Cato Institute published a plan in 1983 called a Leninist Strategy (https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/1983/11/cj3n2-11.pdf), designed to 😈 “neutralize” elderly voters while continuing to 🐍 undermine confidence for Social Security among the young. Their model was the Leninist movement's "success in isolating and weakening its opponents." (Yes, they really were taking cues from V.I. Lenin, even in the depths of the Cold War. :o)

This strategy of undermining Social Security is exactly what Rick Scott and Mike Pence are doing to this day! Chip in $7 to fight back against opponents of Social Security. Together, we will expand and defend Social Security! (https://secure.actblue.com/donate/leniniststrategy-2023?link_id=1&can_id=f6a3d966836d5b36db494f1237d9b97d&source=email-a-40-year-campaign-to-destroy-social-security-3&email_referrer=email_1834107)

The strategy had two main prongs: Make younger Americans lose faith that Social Security will keep its promise to them, and create an alternative in the form of private accounts that could be gambled on the stock market, similar to 401ks.

The strategy took a decade to be mainstreamed by the Republicans.

In 1988, a presidential candidate sharing their views about Social Security appeared on the scene. Former Delaware governor Pierre S. “Pete” du Pont IV, an heir to those who had thrown money at any FDR-hater they could find, sought the Republican nomination for president and ran on a platform of privatizing Social Security.

But George H. W. Bush won the Republican nomination and the election that year. As president, he showed his understanding of the program, when he said, “In my budget plan, I say we’ve got to control the growth of . . . mandatory programs, but set Social Security aside. It’s not a welfare program. It’s sacrosanct.”

In 1994, the House of Representatives returned to Republican control for the first time in over 40 years, the first time since Eisenhower was president. The Republicans had run in support of the “Contract with America,” drafted and promoted by Congressman Newt Gingrich (R-Ga.). Unfortunately for those opposing Social Security, the Contract with America expressed implicit support for the program by proposing only minor modifications.

However, in 1994, as the law had required since 1956, the Secretary of Health and Human Services appointed 14 members to serve on Social Security’s quadrennial advisory council. The trustees had begun to project a long-term deficit in Social Security’s financing occurring somewhere more than 35 years in the future. Included in the report was an appendix, entitled “Developments Since 1983,” which addressed the causes of the projected shortfall. The appendix began by debunking the myth that the inexorable tide of aging baby boomers had anything to do with the projected deficit.

The report clarified: “the fundamental ratio of beneficiaries to workers was fully taken into account in the 1983 financing provisions and, as a matter of fact, was known and taken into account well before that.”

The report then explained that the shortfall resulted from a variety of factors. By the time the advisory council reported, almost 31 million workers participated in 401(k) plans, which contained assets of over $1 trillion. As the stock market went up and up in the 1990s, these arrangements became more and more popular.

This was the opportunity the Leninist Strategy envisioned. More and more Americans were becoming used to private accounts for retirement income.

The Cato Institute, who had first called for this 😈 Strategy (https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/1983/11/cj3n2-11.pdf), formed the Project on Social Security Privatization on August 14, 1995. A co-chairman of the project was José Pinero, the Pinochet minister of labor who had designed the Chilean system of private accounts. Just as supporters of private accounts had been doing since almost the moment Chile had privatized its Social Security program, Cato touted the Chilean system as a model for the United States, despite its decidedly mixed results.

The new 🐘 right-wing project fueled privatization talk with publications and conferences. In less than a decade, the project could proudly boast that it had “published more than forty books, articles, and reports” criticizing Social Security and advocating private accounts.

Conservative think tanks have spent decades working to undermine Social Security. Stand with Social Security Works today to protect and expand Social Security and invest in our future!

During these years, Social Security produced large surpluses, as it had been projected to do when the 1977 and 1983 amendments had been enacted—but the federal deficit produced record deficits.

On March 7, 1999, the wealthy governor of Texas had announced that he was forming a committee to explore a run for the presidency. Despite his limited political experience and his weaknesses as a speaker, he had one huge asset. He happened to be the son of a former president, and the two men shared the same first and last names, George Bush.

Well before Bush formed his exploratory committee, he had been thinking about the presidency and had been thinking about Social Security, as well. He had a long history of hostility to the program. As a student at the Harvard Business School in the early 1970s, he had railed against Social Security and other New Deal programs. In his losing bid for a congressional seat in 1978, he had ventured that “people [should] be given the chance to invest [Social Security] the way they feel.”

The patience of the anti-Social Security forces seemed to have paid off. They finally had a president who seemed to see the world their way.

Just as in the Bush years, Wall Street continues to try and get their hands on our hard-earned Social Security benefits. Donate to Social Security Works today to fight back against attempts to privatize this critical program.

Despite Social Security’s absence from the campaign, President (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202719-14071062.gif) Bush established a presidential commission on May 2, 2001, to study and make recommendations about Social Security.

Naturally, the members consisted only of people who were dedicated to destroying Social Security’s universal promise, and it resulted in Bush’s privatization scheme.

Unlike most presidential commissions, which are given broad guidelines within which to work, this commission was to be tightly constrained. Among the stipulations dictated by Bush was that the commission’s recommendations “must include individually controlled voluntary personal accounts.” It was not a commission to consider what should be done; rather, it was a commission to advise the president how to do what he had already made up his mind to do.

At the same time, (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202719-14071062.gif) Bush used the administration of government to sow distrust in Social Security. Though Trustees Reports between 2001 and 2004 grew slightly more optimistic, with the projected year of exhaustion of the trust funds slightly further into the future, Social Security Administration publications became more alarmist. No longer confirming that Social Security faced “no immediate crisis,” the publications now warned that the program was “unsustainable,” and “underfinanced.”

Most disturbing was the change in the annual statement sent to all of the 125 million workers age 25 and over who pay into the trust funds. This statement, completely unsolicited, simply arrives in each worker’s mailbox. The 2001 statement proclaimed, “Will Social Security be there when you retire? Of course it will.”

This reassurance was gone by 2002, and in 2005, the unsettling remark “Congress has made changes to the law in the past and can do so at any time” was now in the mailing, just in case workers were feeling too secure.

The same tactics are being used today: Republicans in Congress are systematically underfunding the Social Security Administration, forcing office closings and longer wait times to receive the world class service Americans are promised.

Social Security Works is dedicated to fighting back against these 💵🎩🐘🐍🦍🐉 schemes that  fly 😈 under the radar. Donate $7 to support our work! (https://secure.actblue.com/donate/leniniststrategy-2023?link_id=1&can_id=f6a3d966836d5b36db494f1237d9b97d&source=email-a-40-year-campaign-to-destroy-social-security-3&email_referrer=email_1834107&email_subject=a-40-year-campaign-to-destroy-social-security&refcodeEmailReferrer=email_1834107)

George W. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202719-14071062.gif) Bush set the agenda for 🐘 today’s Republicans: Pass a massive tax cut, and then try to cut Social Security in the name of (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202527-13931485.png) fiscal discipline.

This isn’t a new fight―it is the same thing we have been fighting for nearly a century. With our voices together, we beat Bush’s privatization scheme, we beat President Obama’s fiscal commissions, we beat Paul Ryan’s supercommittees, and we beat Donald Trump’s defunding attempt

Now, Republicans are holding the global economy hostage in exchange for unspecified budget cuts. While many of them claim not to have Social Security and Medicare in their sights at the moment, they are also quick to feed the same false narratives that the Leninist Strategy demands.

The way we win is to go on (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202540-1395150.gif) offense: We need to EXPAND Social Security, never (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-110822203905-1755931.png)🔨 cut it.

We’re rallying members of Congress behind a bill to expand our Social Security system, which will protect and expand benefits for millions of Americans and keep Social Security strong through the 21st century and beyond!

We need to stand together to fight back against efforts to undermine confidence in Social Security. Donate to Social Security Works to ensure Social Security thrives for future generations!

Thanks,

Nancy Altman
Social Security Works

P.S. Can’t donate right now, but still want to help? Cast a vote for Social Security Works in CREDO’s donation pool for this month!  (https://www.credodonations.com/organizations/social-security-works/?utm_source=org&utm_medium=social-security-works/&utm_campaign=202303_/_promo&link_id=6&can_id=f6a3d966836d5b36db494f1237d9b97d&email_referrer=email_1834107&email_subject=a-40-year-campaign-to-destroy-social-security) (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-200123150257.gif)

Social Security Works leads the fight every day to expand and protect our Social Security system. Become a member today. (https://secure.actblue.com/donate/ssw2023?link_id=8&can_id=f6a3d966836d5b36db494f1237d9b97d&source=email-a-40-year-campaign-to-destroy-social-security-3&email_referrer=email_1834107&email_subject=a-40-year-campaign-to-destroy-social-security&refcodeEmailReferrer=email_1834107)

Social Security Works for Everyone! (https://www.amazon.com/Social-Security-Works-Everyone-Protecting/dp/1620976226?keywords=social+security+works+for+everyone&qid=1651002170&sprefix=social+security+works+for+,aps,73&sr=8-1&linkCode=sl1&tag=socsecworks-20&linkId=d42dddde544575c891f001f01cd0d012&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl)
From SSW's co-founders, Nancy Altman and Eric Kingson, this book builds on the success of 2013's Social Security Works: The Book, updating and expanding its argument that Social Security is the best way to protect and expand the insurance Americans love and count on. Order your copy today! (https://www.amazon.com/Social-Security-Works-Everyone-Protecting/dp/1620976226?keywords=social+security+works+for+everyone&qid=1651002170&sprefix=social+security+works+for+,aps,73&sr=8-1&linkCode=sl1&tag=socsecworks-20&linkId=d42dddde544575c891f001f01cd0d012&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl)

Contact info@socialsecurityworks.org
Title: THIS IS NOT A JOKE: "America is an Oil company with an Army" George Carlin
Post by: AGelbert on August 16, 2023, 08:27:56 pm
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-141222170321.jpeg)

August 16, 2023 By CHRIS HEDGES
       
On Aug. 19, 1953, the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran, Mohammad Mossadegh, who had seized Iran’s vast oil fields from the British and put them under Iranian control, was removed from power in a 🦍 coup 😈 organized and 💰 financed by the (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622210450-1415528.gif) 🦖 British and 🦖 U.S. governments.

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-090422144022.png)

He was replaced by the dictatorial Shah who immediately signed over forty percent of Iran’s oil fields to U.S. companies. The coup ushered in a long nightmare of repression, buttressed by Iran’s brutal secret police, Savak, trained and equipped by the CIA. The Shah not only crushed the democratic aspirations of Iranians, but enriched U.S. oil companies and purchased billions of dollars of weapons from U.S. weapons manufacturers.

The CIA and the British intelligence used bribery, libel, black propaganda that accused Mossadegh of being a communist, assassinations and orchestrated riots by paid mercenaries to overthrow the democratic government. They hired agents to pose as communists to threaten religious leaders, while the U.S. ambassador lied to the prime minister about alleged attacks on American nationals. They oversaw the assassination of the chief of police, Mahmoud Afshartous, a Mossadegh loyalist, leaving his mutilated body on the street as a warning to others who might defend the democracy. At least 300 people were killed in fighting in the streets of Tehran. Mossadegh’s house was surrounded by and attacked, killing many of his security detail. Mossadegh was sentenced to three years in prison followed by house arrest for life. 🥵😠

The dictatorship of the Shah fueled the virulent anti-American backlash that led to the 1979 revolution and the establishment of a militant Islamic government. The Iran coup became the template used by the CIA to overthrow other governments around the globe that challenged U.S. imperialism and exploitation by global corporations. The list of CIA orchestrated coups that installed compliant right-wing dictatorships includes not only Iran but Guatemala, Indonesia, South Vietnam, the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Iraq, Indonesia, Cambodia, Chile, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Angola, East Timor, Argentina and Afghanistan. Hundreds of million people suffered because of U.S. interference the loss of their freedom, impoverishment and repression because of these interventions. They were sacrificed on the altar of U.S. power and corporate profit. Joining me to discuss his documentary, Coup 53, is the is Iranian filmmaker Taghi Amirani. His film uses newly discovered archival material to expose how the CIA worked clandestinely to overthrow Mossadegh, providing us as well with the (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622210450-1415528.gif) blueprint for the numerous other CIA ☠️ coups carried out in the last few decades. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-080422121435.png)

🔊 Pocast with Iranian filmmaker Taghi Amirani on his documentary Coup 53 about the CIA ☠️ coup that overthrew the democratic government in Iran sixty years ago this week. (https://chrishedges.substack.com/p/the-chris-hedges-report-pocast-with#details)   

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-250422171933-121558.png)(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-250422171347-1142904.jpeg)
                        
Title: Lincoln’s death handed control of the country for more than 7 months to former 🦍 Democrat 😈 Andrew Johnson
Post by: AGelbert on August 20, 2023, 02:43:04 pm
🕯️ Letters from an 🦅 American 🗽

August 19, 2023 By Heather Cox Richardson

Various constitutional lawyers have been weighing in lately on whether former president Donald Trump and others who participated in the effort to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election are disqualified from holding office under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The third section of that amendment, ratified in 1868, reads:

“No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.”

On August 14 an article forthcoming from the University of Pennsylvania Law Review by William Baude of the University of Chicago Law School and Michael S. Paulsen of the University of St. Thomas School of Law became available as a preprint. It argued that the third section of the Fourteenth Amendment is still in effect (countering arguments that it applied only to the Civil War era secessionists), that it is self-executing (meaning the disqualification of certain people is automatic, much as age limits or residency requirements are), and that Trump and others who participated in trying to steal the 2020 presidential election are disqualified from holding office.

This paper was a big deal because while liberal thinkers have been making this argument for a while now, Baude and Paulsen are associated with the legal doctrine of originalism, an approach to the law that insists the Constitution should be understood as those who wrote its different parts understood them. That theory gained traction on the right in the 1980s as a way to push back against what its adherents called “judicial activism,” by which they meant the Supreme Court’s use of the law, especially the Fourteenth Amendment, to expand the rights of minorities and women. One of the key institutions engaged in this pushback was the 💵🎩😈 Federalist Society, and both Baude and Paulson are associated with it.

Now the two have made a 126-page originalist case that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits Trump from running for president (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622153109-13652067.png). Their interpretation is undoubtedly correct. But that interpretation has even larger implications than they claim.   (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422145344-560693.png)

Moderate Republicans—not “Radical Republicans,” by the way, which was a slur pinned on the Civil War era party by 👿 southern-sympathizing Democrats—wrote the text of the Fourteenth Amendment at a specific time for a specific reason that speaks directly to our own era.

When 👿 John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in April 1865, Congress was not in session. It had adjourned on the morning of Lincoln’s second inauguration in early March, after beavering away all night to finish up the session’s business, and congressmen had begun their long journeys home where they would stay until the new session began in December.

Lincoln’s death handed control of the country for more than seven months to his vice president, Andrew Johnson, a former Democrat who wanted to restore the nation to what it had been before the war, minus the institution of slavery that he believed concentrated wealth and power among a small elite. 😈 Johnson refused to call Congress back into session while he worked alone to restore the prewar system, dominated by Democrats, as quickly as he could.

In May, Johnson announced that all former Confederates except for high-ranking political or military officers or anyone worth more than $20,000 (about $400,000 today) would be given amnesty as soon as they took an oath of loyalty to the United States. He pardoned all but about 1,500 of that elite excluded group by December 1865.

Johnson required that southern states change their state constitutions by ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment prohibiting enslavement except as punishment for a crime, nullifying the ordinances of secession, and repudiating the Confederate war debts. Delegates did so, grudgingly and with some wiggling, and then went on to pass the Black Codes, laws designed to keep Black Americans subservient to their white neighbors.

Under those new state constitutions and racist legal codes, southern states elected new senators and representatives to Congress. Voters put back into national office the very same men who had driven the rebellion, including its vice president, Alexander Stephens, whom the Georgia legislature reelected to the U.S. Senate. When Congress reconvened in December 1865, Johnson cheerily told them he had reconstructed the country without their help.

It looked as if the country was right back to where it had been in 1860, with legal slavery ended but a racial system that looked much like it already reestablished in the South. And since the 1870 census would count Black Americans as whole people for the first time, southern congressmen would have more power than before.

But when the southern state delegations elected under Johnson’s plan arrived in Washington, D.C., to be seated, Republicans turned them away. They rejected the idea that after four years, 600,000 casualties, and more than $5 billion, the country should be ruled by men like Stephens, who insisted that American democracy meant that power resided not in the federal government but in the states, where a small, wealthy minority could insulate itself from the majority rule that controlled Congress.

In state government a minority could control who could vote and the information to which those voters had access, removing concerns that voters would challenge their wealth or power. White southerners embraced the idea of “popular sovereignty” and “states’ rights,” arguing that any attempt of Congress to enforce majority rule was an attack on democracy.

But President LIncoln and the Republicans reestablished the idea of majority rule, using the federal government to enforce the principle of human equality outlined by the Declaration of Independence.

And that’s where the Fourteenth Amendment came in. When Johnson tried to restore the former Confederates to power after the Civil War, Americans wrote into the Constitution that anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. was a citizen, and then they established that states must treat all citizens equally before the law, thus taking away the legal basis for the Black Codes and giving the federal government power to enforce equality in the states. They also made sure that anyone who rebels against the federal government can’t make or enforce the nation’s laws.

Republicans in the 1860s would certainly have believed the Fourteenth Amendment covered Trump’s attempt to overturn the results of a presidential election. More, though, that amendment sought to establish, once and for all, the supremacy of the federal government over those who wanted to solidify their power in the states, where they could impose the will of a minority. That concept speaks directly to today’s Republicans.

In The Atlantic today, two prominent legal scholars from opposite sides of the political spectrum, former federal judge J. Michael Luttig and emeritus professor of constitutional law at Harvard Law School Laurence H. Tribe, applauded the Baude-Paulsen article and suggested that the American people should support the “faithful application and enforcement of their Constitution.” 🦅 🗽(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-090422150144.png) (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422144605.png)

https://heathercoxrichardson.substack.com/p/august-19-2023/comments


Notes:

https://newrepublic.com/article/174977/baude-paulsen-trump-14th-amendment

https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/08/donald-trump-constitutionally-prohibited-presidency/675048/

https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/19/politics/donald-trump-fourteenth-amendment-2024-race/index.html

https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1865?amount=20000

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4532751


Title: Key Moments in Palestine's History ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF
Post by: AGelbert on November 09, 2023, 08:27:24 pm
Britain in Palestine 1917-1948

https://youtu.be/hOJqLTc6RkU


Balfour Project 10K subscribers 1,002,436 views  Apr 11, 2023
Britain in Palestine 1917-1948 investigates the contradictory promises and actions which defined British Mandatory rule in Palestine and laid the groundwork for the Nakba (the catastrophe) and the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. The roots of the contemporary social, political, economic, and environmental landscape of Palestine and Israel can be traced back to this period, making it essential viewing for understanding Britain’s legacy in the region and the situation on the ground today.

To access English, Arabic and Hebrew subtitles click on the CC link on the video. For further analysis of the events outlined in the film see the Companion Guide to Britain in Palestine 1917-1948.

Reviews

A very useful explanation of how we got to where we are today. Fascinating photos I had not seen before. A great resource to show in any classroom or forum to people who want to learn more about this region, and specifically, Britain’s involvement. Afif Safieh, Former Palestinian Ambassador

“…This film brilliantly puts into perspective the role the United Kingdom played in Mandate Palestine from 1917-1948.” Rabbi Howard Finkelstein, Ontario, Canada

“This is an excellent short 18-min video from @BalfourProject explaining briefly but super-clearly how British colonialism has caused a century of war in Palestine.” Matthew Teller, Journalist and author of Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City (2022)

“Britain in Palestine 1917 – 1948 is a clear, precise and factual explanation of the historical origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict. For anyone who wants to develop a real understanding of the issue but is intimidated by it’s complexity, this film is the place to start.” Judah Passow, Photojournalist
Title: Key Historical Events in YEMEN ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF
Post by: AGelbert on January 02, 2024, 05:12:23 pm
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-020124171101.png)

Geopolitics of Israel war explained: Gaza, Iran, Saudi, Yemen, Red Sea ship attacks

https://youtu.be/C-YjyCjH7SA

Geopolitical Economy Report 169K subscribers 5.3K 58,694 views  Dec 26, 2023

Is Israel's war on Gaza expanding into a regional conflict? Why is Yemen attacking ships in the Red Sea? What are the roles of Iran and Saudi Arabia? Journalist Ben Norton discusses the geopolitics of the crisis.

|| Geopolitical Economy Report ||
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Title: KEY PALESTINE, IRAQ AND EGYPT Cruel Zionism Historical Events ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF
Post by: AGelbert on January 17, 2024, 12:43:32 am
Gaza: (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-120422122619-6812456.gif) Cruel Zionism, Past and Present with Professor Avi Shlaim

The Thinking Muslim 97.9K subscribers Jan 16, 2024  The Thinking Muslim

Today, we are confronting nothing short of a campaign of ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians of Gaza, not seen since the Nakba or Catastrophe of 1948. Yet many in the Western world are silent about the suffering. Much of what justifies Israel and its actions in the West is premised on history, and many European and American historians have been ready to present a compelling argument for Zionism and the case for Israel in the heart of the Middle East.
 
This historical justification, based on persecution and antisemitism, gives the story of Israel a potency that has for many years served to find acceptance in the West – of impunity to act without restraint - that is not offered to any other state. At the same time, the Palestinian story has been undermined by these same historians. They were a Bedouin community, readily able to vacate their land – it is said. Palestinians, according to leading Israeli politicians, are a mythical people. 
 
Today, we are honoured to have Professor Avi Shlaim (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-110422180554-644315.gif) with us to untangle historical facts from fiction. Avi Shlaim is an eminent historian. He is an Emeritus Professor of International Relations at Oxford University and the author of 📚 The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (2014) and Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations (2009). Professor Shlaim is a dual Israeli British citizen who lived in the country as a child. His family originated from Iraq and migrated to the newly founded state in 1950.

Listen to the audio version of the podcast:
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#thethinkingmuslimpodcast episode131

Timestamps:
00:00 Introduction
03:21 – Persecution of Jewish Arabs
07:21 – His Story
14:40 – Bombing attacks
26:28 – His critics
27:51 – False flag operations
33:04 – Jews under the Ottomans
38:00 – Israel and Race
43:14 – Palestinian Identity?
46:36 – Balfour Declaration
57:25 – David Lloyd George
59:46 – His wife?
1:01:17 – 1948 Nakba
1:08:30 – Gaza
1:15:07 – Context to 7 October
1:23:20 – Israeli right
1:28:10 – Israeli left
1:31:18 – Keir Starmer and Israel
1:35:08 – His memory
Title: Key Historical Jamas KNOWLEDGE of IDF flawed methodology ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF
Post by: AGelbert on January 18, 2024, 03:45:22 pm
Jamas STUDIED IDF weapons and flawed methodology

https://youtu.be/TsNP1u743SI

AEK Media 627K subscribers Jan 18, 2024
Title: Dr. Gerald Horne On Palestine, Zionism, US Imperialism & More
Post by: AGelbert on January 18, 2024, 05:49:29 pm
Dr. Gerald Horne On Palestine, Zionism, US Imperialism & More

https://youtu.be/LiMnEcmyfFg

The Indigenous Nightmare Podcast 639 subscribers 2,830 views  Jan 15, 2024

IN THIS EP I SIT DOWN WITH DR. GERALD HORNE (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-110422180553-636818.gif) WHO HOLD THE JOHN J & REBECCA MOORES CHAIR OF HISTORY AND AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON AND IS THE AUTHOR OF OVER 40+ BOOKS  AND A LONG LIST OF ARTICLES ALL PERTAINING TO HISTORY AND THE ORIGINS OF SETTLER COLONIALISM AND US IMPERIALISM ACROSS THE GLOBE. IN THIS EP DR. HORNE GIVES HIS ANALYSIS TO THE CURRENT GENOCIDE IN PALESTINE AND THE CASE SOUTH AFRICA HAS MADE TO THE ICJ ( INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE) AGAINST ISRAEL. LASTLY WE DISCUSS THE AMERIKKKAN IMPERIALIST MODE OF CAPITALISM AND HOW IT IS FAILING ON FRONTS.
Title: Key Historical 👿 Israel 🐍 LOBBY Events ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF
Post by: AGelbert on January 29, 2024, 12:15:57 pm
January 21, 2024

🕯️ Glenn Greenwald: How the 👿 Israel 🐍 Lobby 😈💰 Takes 🔨Out Its Opponents

https://youtu.be/ygnjzh_qTKo

By 🕯️ Glenn Greenwald / System Update

The latest installment of Glenn Greenwald’s System Update show dives into the career of former Congressman Paul Findley, who authored of the recently discussed War Powers Act that governs when a president can deploy military forces without Congress in an emergency, and the bombing of Yemen. Greenwald also goes into how that recent of Findley’s time in Congress can be revealing of our current political dynamic.
Title: Re: Key Historical Events ... The 😈 Israeli Imprisonment of the Palestinian People 🥵
Post by: AGelbert on January 29, 2024, 04:24:19 pm
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-241223005122.png)

(https://i0.wp.com/scheerpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-scheerpost-logo-1.png)

January 5, 2024

🕯️ Ray McGovern: The Imprisonment of the Palestinian People Was Not an Act of God

SNIPPET:
Israel’s current war on Gaza and the Palestinians draws pessimism and hopelessness, reminding two veterans of its origin in another such war in the region in 1967, The Six Day War, which resulted In Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and Gaza.  Former CIA analyst Ray McGovern joins host Robert Scheer on this episode of Scheer Intelligence  to dissect the relationship Israel has maintained and exploited ever since that imperial conquest with support of the United States, and how the future of American foreign policy appears to once again be led not by informed individuals but rather by selfish and dangerous impulses.

Calling up the Six Day War, McGovern notes it was understood within the CIA as a preemptive war of choice: “The reality is that [Israel]… had carte blanche to do it [the Six Day War], that they were given forgiveness, if not permission, (by the US) before they went up on the Golan. And that’s the situation that exists today with a president who shows himself as being joined at the hip with Bibi Netanyahu,” McGovern explained.

Back then, more than six decades ago, McGovern was in CIA headquarters, advising President Lyndon Johnson,  and Scheer was a journalist reporting from the ground in Egypt, Israel and the newly occupied Gaza and West Bank in the immediate aftermath of the war. In this conversation, the two draw from their experience to show the deliberate, imperial force that has destroyed implementation of the UN-mandated creation of a Palestinian state to be created alongside the Jewish state.

They explain how the Six Day War, ostensibly fought to prevent an imagined threat from Egypt,  which was in temporary control of Gaza,  and Jordan in the West Bank, was resolved with an eventual peace agreement between Israel and those two Arab  nations. But it became the excuse for Israel’s permanent conquest of the millions of Palestinians tilling the lands of Gaza and the West Bank who had posed no military threat to the survival of a Jewish state, a state justified by the European Holocaust, for which the Palerstinans held no accountability.

Recalling their own common childhood growing up in the Bronx during WWII, McGovern and Scheer remark on the deepest of ironies that it is Germany, the historical author of the Holocaust, that is now arresting its own citizens for opposing the dispersal and destruction of the Palestinian people who, like the Jews, have been assured in UN declarations of an equal claim to a state of their own.

Watch VIDEO:  (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-120422122733-6851207.png)
https://scheerpost.com/2024/01/05/ray-mcgovern-the-imprisonment-of-the-palestinian-people-was-not-an-act-of-god/

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-071223122332.png)
Title: Key Palestine Historical Events ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE NEVER HEARD OF
Post by: AGelbert on February 02, 2024, 06:10:28 pm
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-151023223446.png)(https://www.sup.org/img/covers/med_large/pid_26507.jpg)

Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine by 🗽 Noura Erakat ✨ (https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/justice-law-question-palestine/author/erakat-noura/)

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-141222170321.jpeg)

Colonial law and the erasure of Palestine w/ 🗽 Noura Erakat ✨

https://youtu.be/A5Tkydpkttc
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-141222170321.jpeg)

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-201023132226.png) 937K subscribers 897 9,495 views  February 2, 2024 The Real News Network Podcasts

In Palestine, the law has been used as a tool of oppression to legitimize and advance the dispossession of the Palestinian people for more than a century. From the theft of Palestinian land by legal mechanisms to the non-recognition of Palestinians as a people with the inalienable right of self-determination, the law is yet another weapon wielded against the Palestinian people by Israel and its patrons. Activist, attorney, and Rutgers University professor Noura Erakat joins The Chris Hedges Report to discuss the use of lawfare against Palestine and her new book, Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine.

Studio Production: Cameron Granadino
Post-Production: Adam Coley

Watch The Chris Hedges Report live YouTube premiere on The Real News Network every Friday at 12PM ET: https://therealnews.com/chris-hedges-...

Listen to episode podcasts and find bonus content at The Chris Hedges Report Substack: https://chrishedges.substack.com/

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Title: Key Palestine Historical Events ...THAT HAVE BEEN 😈🐍 HIDDEN FROM YOU 😡
Post by: AGelbert on March 15, 2024, 07:23:04 pm
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-070224131218.png)

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202545-13961729.png) DON'T LET (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422133654.gif) ANYONE CONVINCE YOU THAT IT STARTED ON October 7th:

1. Haifa Massacre 1937
2. Jerusalem  Massacre  1937
3. Balad al-Sheikh  Massacre 1939
4. Haifa  Massacre 1939
5. Haifa  Massacre 1947
6. Abbasiya  Massacre 1947
7. Al-Khisas  Massacre 1947
8. Bab al-Amud  Massacre
9. Jerusalem  Massacre 1947
10. Sheikh Burek  Massacre 1947
11. Jaffa  Massacre 1948
12. Deir Yassin  Massacre
13. Tantura  Massacre 1948
14. Khan Yunis  Massacre 1956
15. Jerusalem  Massacre 1967
16. Bahro Al Baquar 1972
17. Sabra and Shatila Massacre 1982
18. Al Aqsa Mosque Massacre 1990
19. Ibrahimi Mosque Massacre 1994
20. Jenin Refugee Camp April 2002
21. Gaza Massacre 2008-09
22. Gaza Massacre 2012
22. Gaza Massacre 2014
24. Gaza Massacre 2018-19
25. Gaza Massacre 2021
26. Gaza Massacre 2023 is still ongoing. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-080422121435.png) (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-110422162337.gif)
Quote
“Nobody ever asks how should we respond to Israel’s brutal treatment of Palestinians for the last 75 years. Nobody ever ask how should Hamas respond to the IDF that has killed tens of thousands of Palestinians. Nobody ever asks how should the Palestinians respond to the hundreds of deaths in the West Bank that have occurred this year at the hands of the settlers, including the deaths of children, as documented again by Israeli journalists. Those questions are not raised. The questions are always how to respond to Hamas. Well, that’s a fair question. But an equally fair question is how should Hamas and Palestinians respond to Israel and to the historical expulsion and mass killings. Nobody ever asks.” --🕯️🗽🕊️ Doctor Gabor Mate

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-151023223446.png)(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-290224172959.png)
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-270224211551.png)(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-170224145254.jpeg)

LEARN MORE: (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622153114-13801246.png)
Where is the War in Gaza Going? (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/geopolitics/war-provocations-and-peace-actions/msg1663/?topicseen#msg1663)
Title: 🕯️🕊️ Aaron Maté - (The GrayZone) : 🦍 Nuland and the Leaked German Plot.
Post by: AGelbert on March 15, 2024, 08:43:53 pm
🕯️🕊️ Aaron Maté - (The GrayZone) : 🦍 Nuland and the Leaked 😈 German Plot.

https://youtu.be/rOul7N0H6UA

🗽🦅 Judge Napolitano - Judging Freedom 318K subscribers 68,003 views  Streamed live on Mar 13, 2024

Aaron Maté - (The GrayZone) : Nuland and the Leaked German Plot.
Title: 🕯️🕊️ Max Blumenthal : (The GrayZone) - Who Runs 🦍 US Foreign Policy?
Post by: AGelbert on March 15, 2024, 09:09:40 pm
🕯️🕊️ Max Blumenthal : (The GrayZone) - Who (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-250422171217-11282304.jpeg) Runs (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-021022180016.gif) US (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622210450-1415528.gif) Foreign Policy?

https://youtu.be/c_s7UZgr4lE

🗽🦅 Judge Napolitano - Judging Freedom  Streamed live on Mar 14, 2024

Max Blumenthal : (The GrayZone) - Who Runs US Foreign Policy?

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-261123175756.jpeg)
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-180224131618.png)

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-070324183759.png)
Title: Key Palestine Historical Events ...THAT YOU MAY HAVE BEEN LIED TO ABOUT
Post by: AGelbert on March 26, 2024, 05:34:16 pm
(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-260324184118.png)

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422133654.gif) UN Lecture on 100 Years of  (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-080422123949.jpeg) Balfour Declaration by 🕯️ Prof. Rashid Khalidi

https://youtu.be/tGDNrl74hGA

United Nations Palestinian 🗽 Rights Committee 4.21K subscribers 30,326 views  Mar 20, 2024  UNITED STATES

The United Nations Palestinian Rights Committee organized a lecture on the Balfour Declaration and the impact it has had on the Palestinian people. The lecture   by Professor Rashid Khalidi, the Edward Said Professor of Modern Arab Studies at Columbia University and director of the Middle East Institute of Columbia’s School of International and Public Affairs took place on 2 November 2017  in the ECOSOC Chamber of the United Nations Secretariat in New York. It brought together a broad range of participants, including members of the diplomatic community in New York, UN staff members, representatives of civil society organizations and the general public. The session was chaired by 🕊️ Amb.  Jerry Matthews Matjila of 🗽 South Africa.

Timecodes
0:00 Intro
8:18 Lecture by Prof. Khalidi
41:30 Q&A

(https://b6x8a4d7.rocketcdn.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/balfourdev-2-e1607450583291.jpg)

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040622202545-13961729.png) DON'T LET ANYONE CONVINCE YOU THAT IT STARTED ON October 7th, 2023:

1. Haifa Massacre 1937
2. Jerusalem  Massacre  1937
3. Balad al-Sheikh  Massacre 1939
4. Haifa  Massacre 1939
5. Haifa  Massacre 1947
6. Abbasiya  Massacre 1947
7. Al-Khisas  Massacre 1947
8. Bab al-Amud  Massacre
9. Jerusalem  Massacre 1947
10. Sheikh Burek  Massacre 1947
11. Jaffa  Massacre 1948
12. Deir Yassin  Massacre
13. Tantura  Massacre 1948
14. Khan Yunis  Massacre 1956
15. Jerusalem  Massacre 1967
16. Bahro Al Baquar 1972
17. Sabra and Shatila Massacre 1982
18. Al Aqsa Mosque Massacre 1990
19. Ibrahimi Mosque Massacre 1994
20. Jenin Refugee Camp April 2002
21. Gaza Massacre 2008-09
22. Gaza Massacre 2012
22. Gaza Massacre 2014
24. Gaza Massacre 2018-19
25. Gaza Massacre 2021
26. Gaza Massacre 2023 is still ongoing. (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-080422121435.png) (https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-110422162337.gif)

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-151023223446.png)(https://www.sup.org/img/covers/med_large/pid_26507.jpg)

(https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-061123114905.png) The Balfour Declaration explained

https://youtu.be/Tz7JJcO-rWw